Mental Health States of Housewives: an Evaluation in Terms of Self-perception and Codependency.

Housewives are individuals who assume the role of caregiver in the family in almost every society and experience serious psychological difficulties in line with this role. These psychological difficulties may develop due to the pathological relationships that women have, especially with their family members. In this context, the study aims to examine the mental health states of housewives within the framework of codependence and self-perceptions. This study, which was planned as descriptive, relational, and cross-sectional, by online questionnaire method, consists of 371 housewives. Personal information form, Codependency Assessment Tool (CODAT), social comparison scale (SCS), and the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R) were used to collect data. In the analysis of the research, a structural equation model was established by using SPSS 25 and AMOS 23 package programs. It was found that the mean age of the housewives included in the study was 35.19 ± 9.85 and 35.5% of the participants were university graduates, 13.2% lived in an extended family, 13.7% had a poor relationship with their spouse, and 51.5% were only responsible for housework. Besides, according to the results of the study, it was found that the total mean score of SCS was 75.16 ± 21.73, SCL-90-R was 1.96 ± 0.95, and CODAT was 76.16 ± 17.75. In the case of analysis, there was strong correlation between the mental status of housewives and both their codependency levels and their self-perceptions. It has been determined that increased levels of codependency and negative self-perception of housewives increase the psychological symptoms experienced.

A methodological framework for assessing pastoral socio-ecological system vulnerability: A case study of Altay Prefecture in Central Asia.

Vulnerability analysis is important for enhancing sustainability, especially for highly interlinked pastoral socio-ecological systems. This study presents a modified methodological framework for assessing the vulnerability of pastoral socio-ecological systems based on the interactions between social and ecological subsystems and their vulnerabilities. Altay Prefecture (Northwest China), a typical pastoral area located in Central Asia, was chosen for the case study. The ecological vulnerability index (EVI) and socio-ecological vulnerability index (SEVI) of Altay Prefecture from 2001 to 2018 were assessed and classified into five levels. The results showed that the distribution pattern of EVI was spatially heterogeneous, with EVI increasing from north to south and from west to east. The EVI was high in low-altitude deserts, decreased with altitude rising from 1300 m to 2200 m, and increased when the altitude exceeded 2200 m. The average EVI increased from 2001 to 2010 and decreased from 2010 to 2018, with the highest EVI in 2010 and the lowest in 2018. The SEVI of western counties was lower than that of eastern counties; the SEVI of all counties continuously decreased from 2001 to 2018, with a higher rate from 2010 to 2018. Social adaptive capacity, increased by the policies that aim at protecting grasslands and improving livelihoods, was the main influencing factor of the SEVI dynamic. These results will help to identify key areas with high EVI for grassland ecosystem management and strengthen the adaptive capacity for addressing vulnerability. Furthermore, the presented methodological framework can be adopted in vulnerability assessments of similar pastoral areas or natural resource-based socio-ecological systems.

Codependencia laboral: análisis factorial confirmatorio

El objetivo de esta investigación es validar un instrumento para medir la codependencia laboral. El método implementado fue un enfoque cuantitativo, de diseño no experimental transeccional, utilizando un análisis factorial confirmatorio basado en ecuaciones estructurales. Los resultados mostraron que el modelo presentó un ajuste adecuado NC =1.86; ρ=0.000; NFI=.979; IFI=.990; CFI=.990; MFI=.925 Y RMSEA=.68. Se concluye que los factores relacionados con la falta de confianza y los comportamientos abusivos son los elementos que describen la codependencia en el ámbito laboral.

The objective of this research is to validate an instrument to measure labor co-dependency, using a quantitative approach of non-experimental trans-sectional design, via a Confirmatory Factor Analysis based on structural equations. Results showed that the model presented an adequate adjustment NC = 1.86; p = 0.000; NFI = .979; IFI = .990; CFI = .990; MFI = .925, and RMSEA = .68. It is concluded that the factors related to lack of trust and abusive behaviors are the elements that describe co-dependency in the workplace.

Internet addiction in young adults: The role of impulsivity and codependency.

Excessive Internet use has demonstrated comorbidity with other psychological symptoms and psychiatric disorders, as well as impairments in the management of daily life, relationships and emotional stability. Recent findings in the literature have consistently supported the relationship between impulsivity and Internet addiction. The present study hypothesized that, in addition to impulsivity, a further predictor of Internet addiction might be relational co-dependency, which is also associated in the literature with addiction phenomena, but mainly substance addiction. This paper investigates the role and predictive weight of impulsivity and codependency on Internet addiction on a sample of young adult university students (n = 481) by using a hierarchical regression analysis. The participants were administered the UADI-2, the BIS-11 and the SFCDS. In terms of percentage distribution, 38 % of the participants were in the dependency range, while 37.7 % demonstrated Internet abuse behavior. The results confirmed the role of impulsiveness (ß = 0.312) and added to the literature by showing the significant role of relational codependency (ß = 0.275), gender (ß = 0.174) and age (ß = 0.196). Thus, male participants were more dependent, more impulsive and more co-dependent, with increasing age in the given range (18-30). The present study shed light to the presence of this issue among young adults and that, as a preventive and restraining measure, there is a need not only for targeted awareness-raising programmes but also for interventions to promote greater emotional control and a more balanced management of personal relationships.

The Burnout Concept as a Theoretical Framework for Investigating the Caregiving Impact of Relatives of Patients withAddictive Disorders.

Background: Relatives of patients withaddictive disorders often face significant difficulties in their daily lives. Although the burnout concept is currently considered a significant and promising theoretical framework for studying family members who care for chronically ill patients, its application has encountered considerable difficulties in the area of addiction treatment. Objective: This article explores the methodology for studying the psychological issues arising in families affected by addictive disorders. We analyzed the social, economic, and cultural conditions of the different study models developed in this field, and identified the difficulties hindering the acceptance of the burnout concept as a theoretical construct for investigation. Results: There are several main obstacles to the burnout concept's application to studying the psychology of addictive patients' families. These obstacles are: 1) a stigmatizing attitude toward the relatives, labelling them as dysfunctional/codependent, or merely passive recipients adjusting to stressful and challenging circumstances; 2) a sole focus on the destructive elements of the "informal caregiver - addicted patient" relationship dynamics; 3) underestimation of relatives' willingness, experience, and knowledge in the care of their addicted family member and failure to recognize their right to participate in treatment decision-making; and 4) lack of specialized tools for assessing burnout and its opposite pole - the engagement of addicts' relatives during the patients' care. Conclusion: Application of the burnout concept as a theoretical framework allows us to reformulate many psychopathological phenomena described in the family members of addicts, and expands the perspective of psychotherapy by providing the opportunity to conduct interventions to improve relatives' functioning as caregivers. This, in turn, will contribute to the effectiveness of treatment outcomes for bothaddicts and their families.

Childhood abuse, neglect, codependency, and affecting factors in nursing and child development students.

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to determine the relationship of neglect and abuse behaviors experienced by nursing and child development students during their childhood with codependency, and the factors affecting codependency. DESIGN AND METHODS: This is a descriptive and correlational study. The study was conducted with 292 students who were studying at a Faculty of Health Sciences. FINDINGS: A positive relationship was found between neglect and abuse behaviors that lead to trauma in childhood, and codependency. It was determined that there was a negative relationship between students' codependency and childhood traumatic experiences and their levels of self-esteem, depression and coping with stress. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: In the educational processes, it is possible to focus on students' unresolved problems with their families, and the signs of codependency.

Dependencia afectiva y violencia intrafamiliar en una población de Chimborazo-Ecuador / Affective dependence and domestic violence in a population of Chimborazo Ecuador

INTRODUCCIÓN. En Ecuador, se han detectado altos niveles de violencia y ependencia afectiva en mujeres que residen en la zona urbana. Los estudios realizados son pocos, en relación con el incremento de esta problemática. OBJETIVO. Establecer la asociación entre variables categóricas de dependencia emocional y tipo de violencia intrafamiliar. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS. Estudio no experimental correlacional. Población y muestra conocida de 60 mujeres que declararon haber experimentado alguna forma de violencia por parte de su pareja, atendidas en el Centro de Salud Santa Rosa de Riobamba en el año 2019. Los instrumentos aplicados fueron: Cuestionario de Dependencia Emocional que evalúa: ansiedad por separación, expresión afectiva de la pareja, modificación de planes, miedo a la soledad, expresión límite, búsqueda de atención; y la escala de violencia intrafamiliar VIFJ4 que evalúa: violencia física, psicológica, sexual, social, patrimonial, de género y el nivel de severidad. Se realizó el análisis en el programa estadístico International Business Machines Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, versión 25. RESULTADOS. Mujeres con relaciones de pareja formales 83,3%; con nivel escolar de secundaria 68,3%; y con nivel socioeconómico medio 70,0%. Nivel de dependencia elevado 68,3%. La media de los factores inherentes a la dependencia emocional permitieron establecer a la mayoría en la categoría ligeramente más verdadero que falso, con excepción del denominado miedo a la soledad, en el que predominó, completamente falso de mí. CONCLUSIÓN. Se estableció una relación significativa entre factores de dependencia afectiva y violencia intrafamiliar, excepto en el caso de los factores ansiedad por separación y dependencia expresión afectiva pareja.

INTRODUCTION. In Ecuador, high levels of violence and emotional dependence have been detected in women living in urban areas. Few studies have been carried out in relation to the increase of this problem. OBJECTIVE. To establish the association between categorical variables of emotional dependence and type of domestic violence. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Non-experimental correlational study. Population and known sample of 60 women who reported having experienced some form of violence by their partner, attended at the Santa Rosa de Riobamba Health Center in 2019. The instruments applied were: Emotional Dependence Questionnaire that evaluates: separation anxiety, affective expression of the partner, modification of plans, fear of loneliness, borderline expression, attention seeking; and the VIFJ4 intrafamily violence scale that evaluates: physical, psychological, sexual, social, patrimonial, gender violence and the level of severity. The analysis was carried out using the statistical program International Business Machines Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 25. Women with formal relationships 83,3%; with secondary school level 68,3%; and with medium socioeconomic level 70,0%. High level of dependency 68,3%. The mean of the factors inherent to emotional dependence allowed to establish the majority in the category slightly more true than false, with the exception of the so-called fear of loneliness, in which it predominated, completely false of me. CONCLUSION. A significant relationship was established between factors of affective dependence and intrafamilial violence, except in the case of the factors separation anxiety and partner affective expression dependence.

Co-afflicted but invisible: A qualitative study of perceptions among informal caregivers in cancer care.

This article explores the lived experience of informal caregivers in cancer care, focusing on the perceived burden and needs of individuals seeking support from an informal group for next of kin. A total of 28 individuals who were closely related to a patient with cancer participated in focus group interviews. Three themes were identified: setting aside one's own needs, assuming the role of project manager, and losing one's sense of identity. Together they form the framing theme: being co-afflicted. The characteristics of informal caregivers are shown to be similar to those of people with codependency, motivating development of targeted interventions from this perspective.

Health personnel, family relationships and codependency of psychoactive substances: a phenomenological approach / Personal de salud, relaciones familiares y codependencia de sustancias psicoactivas: un enfoque fenomenológico / Pessoal de saúde, relações familiares e codependência de substâncias psicoativas: uma abordagem fenomenológica

ABSTRACT Objectives: to reflect on the daily life of family members dependent on psychoactive substances and the role of health professionals in Primary Care. Methods: a descriptive investigation outlined in Maffesoli's phenomenological approach, carried out at a Basic Health Unit in Minas Gerais with eight family members dependent on psychoactive substances. Sociodemographic characterization data and in-depth interviews were collected and analyzed with support of NVivo Pro11® software. All ethical and legal aspects were met. Results: physicians were the professionals most mentioned in participants' statements, who took on a dubious role with other health professionals: welcoming (positive perceptions about care received) and neglect (negative perceptions). Final Considerations: dependence on psychoactive substances imposes a burden on persons, their family members and health professionals. The role of establishing good relationships in the triad professionals-users-family members of primary care is inseparable in favor of treatment and preservation of their mental health.

RESUMEN Objetivos: reflexionar sobre el día a día de los familiares dependientes de sustancias psicoactivas y el papel de los profesionales sanitarios en Atención Primaria. Métodos: investigación descriptiva perfilada en el abordaje fenomenológico de Maffesoli, realizada en una Unidad Básica de Salud en Minas Gerais con ocho familiares dependientes de sustancias psicoactivas. Se recolectaron datos de caracterización sociodemográfica y entrevistas en profundidad, que fueron analizadas con el apoyo del software NVivo Pro11®. Se cumplieron los aspectos éticos y legales. Resultados: el profesional más mencionado en el discurso de los participantes fue el médico, quien asumió un rol dudoso con el resto de profesionales de la salud: acogida (percepciones positivas sobre la asistencia recibida) y desatención (percepciones negativas). Consideraciones Finales: la dependencia de sustancias psicoactivas supone una carga para la persona, sus familiares y los profesionales sanitarios. El papel del establecimiento de buenas relaciones en la tríada profesionales-usuarios-familiares de Atención Primaria es inseparable a favor del tratamiento y preservación de la salud mental de los implicados.

RESUMO Objetivos: refletir sobre o cotidiano dos familiares codependentes de substâncias psicoativas e o papel dos profissionais de saúde na Atenção Básica. Métodos: investigação descritiva delineada na abordagem fenomenológica de Maffesoli, realizada em uma Unidade Básica de Saúde mineira com oito familiares codependentes de substâncias psicoativas. Foram coletados dados de caracterização sociodemográfica e entrevistas em profundidade, que foram analisadas com apoio do software NVivo Pro11®. Atenderam-se os aspectos ético-legais. Resultados: o profissional mais mencionado no discurso das participantes foi o médico, que assumiu uma dubiedade de papéis junto aos demais profissionais de saúde: de acolhimento (percepções positivas sobre a assistência recebida) e de descaso (percepções negativas). Considerações Finais: a dependência de substâncias psicoativas acarreta ônus à pessoa, aos seus familiares e aos profissionais de saúde. É indissociável o papel do estabelecimento de boas relações na tríade profissionais-usuários-familiares da Atenção Básica em prol do tratamento e preservação da saúde mental dos envolvidos.

Codependencia: una adicción o un patrón de relación inadecuado / Codependency: addiction or inadequate relationship pattern

La codependencia es un problema que afecta a cada vez más personas, siendo esta la que caracteriza frecuentes estados de insatisfacción y sufrimiento personal, donde la persona se encuentra enfocada en atender las necesidades de su pareja y/o de otras personas, sin tomar en cuenta las propias, a partir de una necesidad de que la conducta de otra persona se desarrolle desde las propias expectativas, al tiempo que se vive la imposibilidad de expresarlo de manera clara y asertiva en el día a día. Terapéuticamente esta problemática ha sido y sigue siendo motivo de consulta en contextos de rehabilitación y procesos de recuperación en adicciones, estando representada en la naturaleza de los vínculos que se establecen al interior de una familia o de una pareja. De ahí la importancia del abordaje terapéutico de la red de apoyo del adicto, ya que esta tiende a considerar la adicción como un asunto único de la persona en rehabilitación. Desde hace algo más de 20 años, este tema ha sido motivo de investigación de terapeutas, psicólogos, psiquiatras y consejeros, quienes han propiciado discusiones a la luz de establecer un concepto de codependencia y qué elementos de esta merecen la pena tener en cuenta al momento de establecer líneas o planes de tratamientos para las personas que sufren esta condición

Codependency is a problem that affects more and more people, being this the one that characterizes frequent states of dissatisfaction and personal suffering, where the person is focused on meeting the needs of their partner and / or other people, without taking into account their own, from a need for the behavior of another person to develop from their own expectations, while experiencing the impossibility of expressing it clearly and assertively on a day-to-day basis. Therapeutically, this problem has been and continues to be a reason for consultation in the context of rehabilitation and recovery processes in addictions, being represented in the nature of the bonds that are established within a family or a couple. Hence the importance of the therapeutic approach of the addict's support network, since it tends to consider addiction as a unique issue for the person in rehabilitation. For a little over 20 years, this topic has been the subject of research by therapists, psychologists, psychiatrists and counselors, who have fostered discussions in the light of establishing a concept of codependency and what elements of it are worth taking into account at the time of establish treatment lines or plans for people who suffer from this condition

Investigation of factors associated with low adherence to treatment of codependency in family members of psychoactive substance users / Investigação de fatores associados à baixa adesão ao tratamento da codependência de familiares de usuários de substâncias psicoativas

The aim of this study was to investigate possible factors that prevent adherence to the treatment of codependent family members of problem drug use individuals. A quasi-experimental study was carried out with 133 relatives of psychoactive substances users who called the Brazilian drug hotline (Ligue 132) between 2013 and 2015, from the five regions of Brazil. The following instruments were used: General service protocol; Family assistance protocol; Holyoake Codependency Index; Behavioral Adherence Scale; and Adherence Factor Questionnaire. Univariate analysis of data was performed for categorical variables and Chi-square test for comparison between variables, with p < 0.05. The sample showed a predominance of women (91.7%), especially mothers (82.7%). Among the investigated factors, alcohol as the substance involved in the problem showed a significant association with the non-adherence to treatment through teleintervention of family members.

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar possíveis fatores impeditivos da adesão de familiares codependentes a um tratamento. Realizou-se um estudo quase experimental com 133 familiares de usuários de substâncias psicoativas que ligaram para o Ligue 132 no período de 2013 a 2015, sendo que a amostra tem representantes das 5 regiões do Brasil. Os instrumentos utilizados foram: Protocolo geral de atendimento; Protocolo de atendimento ao familiar; Holyoake Codependency Index; Escala de Adesão Comportamental e Questionário de Fatores sobre Adesão. Foram realizadas análises univariadas dos dados para as variáveis categóricas e teste Qui-quadrado para comparação entre as variáveis, p < 0,05. A amostra apresentou o predomínio de mulheres (91,7%) entre os familiares que buscaram ajuda, em especial de mães (82,7%). Dentre os fatores investigados, notou-se que o álcool, entre as substâncias utilizadas pelos usuários, apresentou associação significativa com a não adesão dos familiares a tele intervenção.

Codependency between plant and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities: what is the evidence?

That arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi covary with plant communities is clear, and many papers report nonrandom associations between symbiotic partners. However, these studies do not test the causal relationship, or 'codependency', whereby the composition of one guild affects the composition of the other. Here we outline underlying requirements for codependency, compare important drivers for both plant and AM fungal communities, and assess how host preference - a pre-requisite for codependency - changes across spatiotemporal scales and taxonomic resolution for both plants and AM fungi. We find few examples in the literature designed to test for codependency and those that do have been conducted within plots or mesocosms. Also, while plants and AM fungi respond similarly to coarse environmental filters, most variation remains unexplained, with host identity explaining less than 30% of the variation in AM fungal communities. These results combined question the likelihood of predictable co-occurrence, and therefore evolution of codependency, between plant and AM fungal taxa across locations. We argue that codependency is most likely to occur in homogeneous environments where specific plant - AM fungal pairings have functional consequences for the symbiosis. We end by outlining critical aspects to consider moving forward.

The relationship of cannabis decriminalization in Colorado and cannabis use in individuals with alcohol use disorders.

OBJECTIVE: Over the past decade, cannabis use has become increasingly popular in states that include Colorado. During this time, alcohol use disorders (AUDs) and alcohol-related medical conditions have also been consistently recognized as public health problems with increasing prevalence in the state. Despite the widespread use of cannabis in Colorado, the epidemiology of cannabis use among those with AUDs has been poorly described. Therefore, we sought to examine cannabis use among individuals with likely AUDs and individuals with low-risk alcohol use during a time of major Colorado legislative changes before and after legalization of recreational cannabis in 2012. METHODS: This study was a secondary data analysis conducted with information from 303 participants (80% male) in the Denver, CO metropolitan enrolled between August 2007 and April 2016 for studies related to alcohol and lung health. Of these participants, 188 (62%) were completing inpatient alcohol detoxification with likely AUDs. All participants completed the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) to establish their likelihood of an AUD, and all had information on current cannabis use assessed by questionnaire and urine toxicology testing. RESULTS: Individuals with likely AUDs more commonly used cannabis compared to control participants (42% vs 27%, p = 0.007). In multiple logistic regression analyses, participant type (likely AUD versus control), tobacco smoking, and age were significantly associated with cannabis smoking; however, the year of participant enrollment was not. Adjusted odds for cannabis use among participants with likely AUDs were 2.97 (1.51-5.82), p = 0.002, while odds for cannabis use among tobacco smokers were 3.67 (1.94-6.93), p < 0.0001. Among control participants, tobacco smoking increased odds of cannabis use seven-fold. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings highlight the exceptionally high odds of cannabis use among individuals with likely AUDs undergoing alcohol detoxification at a Colorado treatment facility before and after legalization of recreational cannabis. Targeted investigations into the medical and psychiatric consequences of combined alcohol and cannabis use are urgently needed to define its health impact in these vulnerable individuals.

Family orientation group as a strategy for care in chemical codependency.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the importance of the family support group in the treatment of codependency, based in reports made by relatives of a therapeutic community for drug addicts. METHODS: Study conducted in a therapeutic community for alcohol and other drug addicts in a city in the southern extreme of Brazil. This is a qualitative, exploratory and descriptive research with eight drug addict relatives. Data collection occurred through semi-structured interviews and the use of a field diary, focusing on the family orientation group as a space for the health promotion of family members of psychoactive substance users. RESULTS: Through discursive analysis, it was found that the family orientation group constitutes an important tool of educational character, capable of responding to the family demands of chemical dependence, as well as rethinking and modifying attitudes and characteristic behaviors of co-dependence. CONCLUSIONS: The support group is fundamental as a care strategy for codependent families, and may act more effectively when professionals are trained to intervene in the phenomenon of codependency.

Family orientation group as a strategy for care in chemical codependency

Objective. To determine the importance of the family support group in the treatment of codependency, based in reports made by relatives of a therapeutic community for drug addicts. Methods. Study conducted in a therapeutic community for alcohol and other drug addicts in a city in the southern extreme of Brazil. This is a qualitative, exploratory and descriptive research with eight drug addict relatives. Data collection occurred through semi-structured interviews and the use of a field diary, focusing on the family orientation group as a space for the health promotion of family members of psychoactive substance users. Results. Through discursive analysis, it was found that the family orientation group constitutes an important tool of educational character, capable of responding to the family demands of chemical dependence, as well as rethinking and modifying attitudes and characteristic behaviors of co-dependence. Conclusion. The support group is fundamental as a care strategy for codependent families, and may act more effectively when professionals are trained to intervene in the phenomenon of codependency.

Objetivo. Conocer, a partir del relato de familiares de una comunidad terapéutica para dependientes químicos, la importancia del grupo de apoyo familiar en el tratamiento de la codependencia. Métodos. Este estudio se realizó en una comunidad terapéutica para consumidores de alcohol y otras sustancias en una ciudad del extremo sur en Brasil. Se trata de una investigación cualitativa, descriptiva, con la participación de ocho familiares de dependientes químicos. La recolección de datos se realizó con entrevista semiestructurada y con el uso del diario de campo, teniendo como foco el grupo de orientación familiar como un espacio para la promoción de la salud de familiares de usuarios de sustancias psicoactivas. Resultados. En el análisis discursivo, se constató que el Grupo de Orientación Familiar es una importante herramienta de carácter educativo, capaz de responder a las demandas familiares sobre la dependencia química, así como repensar y modificar actitudes y comportamientos característicos de la codependencia. Conclusión. El apoyo grupal es fundamental como estrategia de cuidado a las familias codependientes y puede ser aún más eficaz cuando los profesionales son capacitados para intervenir el fenómeno de la codependencia.

Objetivo. Conhecer, a partir do relato de familiares de uma comunidade terapêutica para dependentes químicos, a importância do grupo de apoio familiar no tratamento da codependência. Métodos. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, exploratória e descritiva com oito familiares de dependentes químicos. A coleta de dados ocorreu por meio da entrevista semiestruturada e pelo uso do diário de campo, tendo como foco o grupo de orientação familiar como um espaço para a promoção da saúde de familiares de usuários de substância psicoativas. Resultados. Mediante análise discursiva, constatou-se que o Grupo de Orientação Familiar se constitui em uma importante ferramenta de caráter educativo, capaz de responder as demandas familiares da dependência química, bem como repensar e modificar atitudes e comportamentos característicos da codependência. Conclusão. O grupo de apoio é fundamental como uma estratégia de cuidado às famílias codependentes, podendo atuar de modo mais eficaz quando os profissionais são capacitados para intervirem no fenômeno da codependência.

How do psychological characteristics of family members affected by substance use influence quality of life?

PURPOSE: Addiction is a major health stressor for families, representing an under-researched area with important policy implications. The current aim was to validate the Composite Codependency Scale, which captures the psychological characteristics of affected family members, and assess quality of life as mediated by family functioning. METHODS: Close relatives (n = 271) of patients in treatment for substance use disorder (SUD) participated in a 4-day psychoeducational program. We also recruited a general population sample (n = 393) via an online social media site. Data were analyzed using multigroup confirmatory factor analysis (MGCFA) and a latent regression model. Differences in subscale latent means were applied to ascertain how the scale discriminated the two populations. RESULTS: MGCFA yielded a shortened, nine-item partial scalar invariant scale (SCCS) that allowed comparison of latent means. The SCCS discriminated between family members and the general population, with family scoring higher on all three scale dimensions. By effect size, family had higher means (mean differences; 95% confidence intervals) for 'emotional suppression' (0.48; 0.36-0.59; p < 0.001; effect size, 0.92), 'interpersonal control' (0.47; 0.36-0.59; p < 0.001; effect size, 0.97), and 'self-sacrifice' (0.20; 0.10-0.29; p < 0.001; effect size, 0.43). Higher SCCS scores were associated with greater family dysfunction (ß = 1.00, 95% CI 0.63-1.36; p < 0.001) and worse quality of life (ß = - 0.23, 95% CI - 0.30 to - 0.16; p < 0.001), confirming the concurrent validity of the SCCS. CONCLUSION: When family members of people with addictions had the psychological characteristics of suppressing their emotions, believing they could fix others' problems, and neglecting their own for others' needs, they also had more family dysfunction and poorer quality of life. The SCCS offers a valid instrument for addressing the life situation of affected families. This scale can help clinicians focus on family members within health services, especially within SUD treatment services.

Experiences and expertise of codependency: Repetition, claim-coupling, and enthusiasm.

Arenas where experts interact with publics are useful platforms for communication and interaction between actors in the field of public health: researchers, practitioners, clinicians, patients, and laypersons. Such coalitions are central to the analysis of knowledge coproduction. This study investigates an initiative for assembling expert and other significant knowledge which seeks to create better interventions and solutions to addiction-related problems, in this case codependency. But what and whose knowledge is communicated, and how? The study explores how processes of repetition, claim-coupling, and enthusiasm produce a community based on three boundary beliefs: (1) victimized codependent children failed by an impaired society; (2) the power of daring and sharing; and (3) the (brain) disease model as the scientific representative and explanation for (co)dependence. These processes have legitimized future hopes in certain suffering actors, certain lived and professional expertise and also excluded social scientific critique, existing interventions, and alternative accounts.

A codependencia em familiares de adictos / Codependency in relatives of alcohol addicts / La co-dependencia addicts en familia

Objetivo: Investigar o impacto gerado em mulheres que possuem familiares com alcoolismo, em situação de vulnerabilidade social. Método: Pesquisa exploratória e descritiva, de cunho qualitativo, que, por critério de saturação, contou com 11 participantes, mulheres familiares de pessoas com dependência ao álcool, que responderam a um roteiro de entrevista semiestruturado, compreendido por análise de conteúdo. Resultados: Os discursos elencaram em sete classes temáticas: 1. Causas do consumo do álcool; 2. Consequências do beber para o alcoolista; 3. Comportamento da família diante do alcoolista; 4. Sentimentos recorrentes dos familiares; 5. Adoecimento da família com alcoolista; 6. Tipos de ajuda/tratamento para o alcoolista e a família; e 7. Expectativas futuras sobre o alcoolista. Conclusão: A família adoece junto ao alcoolista, necessitando de acompanhamento

Objetivo: Investigar el impacto generado en las mujeres que tienen familiares con el alcoholismo en la vulnerabilidad social. Método: Estudio exploratorio, descriptivo de quanlitativo naturaleza, que, por el criterio de saturación, incluyó a 11 participantes, mujeres familiares de personas con dependencia del alcohol, que respondió a una guía de entrevista semiestructurada, compuesto de análisis de contenido. Resultados: La discursos elencaram en siete clases temáticas: 1. Las causas del consumo de alcohol; 2. Consecuencias de beber para los alcohólicos; 3. Comportamiento de la familia antes de que el alcohol; 4. Los sentimientos de los familiares de los solicitantes; 5. Enfermedad Familia con alcohólica; 6. Tipos de ayuda / tratamiento para el alcohólico y la familia; y 7. Las expectativas futuras sobre el alcohólico. Conclusión: La familia se enferma con los alcohólicos, lo que requiere supervisión

Objective: The study's purpose has been to investigate the impact of alcohol-addicted relatives on women in social vulnerability situations. Methods: It is a descriptive-exploratory study with a qualitative approach that was carried out with 11 women who were relatives of alcohol-addicted people. Data were collected by semistructured interviews and submitted to content analysis. Results: Seven thematic categories were obtained from the interviewees' speech: 1) Causes of alcohol consumption; 2) Consequences of alcohol consumption for the addict; 3) Family behavior regarding the alcoholic; 4) Recurrent feelings from the relatives; 5) Sickening of a family with an alcoholic person; 6) Types of help/treatment for the alcohol addict and his family; and 7) Future expectations about the alcohol addict. Conclusion: Both the alcohol addict and his family deteriorate, thus needing follow up

Targeting cancer's metabolic co-dependencies: A landscape shaped by genotype and tissue context.

Tumors cells reprogram their metabolism to fuel rapid growth. The ability to trace nutrient fluxes in the context of specific alterations has provided new mechanistic insight into the process of oncogenic transformation. A broad array of complementary genetic, epigenetic, transcriptional and translational mechanisms has been identified, revealing a metabolic landscape of cancer. However, cancer metabolism is not a static or uniform process, including within a single tumor. Tumor cells adapt to changing environmental conditions, profoundly shaping the enzymatic dependencies of individual cells. The underlying molecular mechanisms of adaptation, and the specific interactions between tumor genotype, oncogenic signaling, and tissue/biochemical context, remain incompletely understood. In this review, we examine dynamic aspects of how metabolic dependencies develop in cancer, shaped both by genotype and biochemical environment, and review how these interlaced processes generate targetable metabolic vulnerabilities. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cancer Metabolism edited by Dr. Chi Van Dang.

Testing a model of codependency for college students in Taiwan based on Bowen's concept of differentiation.

The purpose of this study was to test a model of codependency based on Bowen's concept of differentiation for college students in Taiwan. The relations between family-of-origin dysfunction, differentiation of self, codependency traits and related symptoms including low self-esteem, relationship distress and psychological adjustment problems were examined. Data were collected from 567 college students from 2 large, urban universities in northern Taiwan. Results indicated a significantly negative relationship between levels of codependency and self-differentiation and that self-differentiation partially mediated the relationship between family-of-origin dysfunction and codependency. The implications of these findings for counselling Taiwanese college students who experience codependency traits and related symptoms as well as suggestions for future research are discussed.